📖 Money glossary
209 money terms explained in one plain sentence each, with the lesson that teaches it and the word in 7 other languages.
Basics
Budget
A plan for where each month's money goes before you spend it.
🌐 ES Presupuesto · FR Budget · IT Budget · EL Προϋπολογισμός · PT Orçamento · RO Buget · DE Budget
50/30/20 rule
A simple budget: 50% of take-home pay for needs, 30% for wants, 20% for saving and paying off debt.
🌐 ES Regla 50/30/20 · FR Règle 50/30/20 · IT Regola 50/30/20 · EL Κανόνας 50/30/20 · PT Regra 50/30/20 · RO Regula 50/30/20 · DE 50/30/20-Regel
Pay yourself first
Moving money to savings automatically on payday, before you can spend it.
🌐 ES Págate a ti primero · FR Se payer en premier · IT Paga prima te stesso · EL Πλήρωσε πρώτα τον εαυτό σου · PT Pague-se primeiro · RO Plătește-te pe tine mai întâi · DE Zahl dich zuerst
Emergency fund
Cash set aside for surprises like a car repair or a job loss, usually 3 to 6 months of expenses.
🌐 ES Fondo de emergencia · FR Fonds d'urgence · IT Fondo di emergenza · EL Ταμείο έκτακτης ανάγκης · PT Reserva de emergência · RO Fond de urgență · DE Notgroschen
Sinking fund
Money saved a little each month for a cost you know is coming, like holidays or new tires.
🌐 ES Fondo de ahorro programado · FR Épargne programmée · IT Fondo a obiettivo · EL Ταμείο προγραμματισμένου εξόδου · PT Fundo de reserva programada · RO Fond pentru cheltuieli planificate · DE Zweckrücklage
📚 Learn it: Sinking Funds: Saving for Surprises That Aren't Surprises
Net worth
Everything you own minus everything you owe; the one number that shows your real financial position.
🌐 ES Patrimonio neto · FR Patrimoine net · IT Patrimonio netto · EL Καθαρή περιουσία · PT Patrimônio líquido · RO Avere netă · DE Nettovermögen
Asset
Something you own that has value, like cash, a car, a home or investments.
🌐 ES Activo · FR Actif · IT Attività (bene) · EL Περιουσιακό στοιχείο · PT Ativo · RO Activ · DE Vermögenswert
Liability
Money you owe, like a credit card balance, a car loan or a mortgage.
🌐 ES Pasivo · FR Passif (dette) · IT Passività (debito) · EL Υποχρέωση (χρέος) · PT Passivo (dívida) · RO Pasiv (datorie) · DE Verbindlichkeit (Schuld)
Income
Money coming in: your pay, plus anything your work, business or investments earn.
🌐 ES Ingresos · FR Revenus · IT Reddito · EL Εισόδημα · PT Renda · RO Venit · DE Einkommen
Gross income
Your pay before taxes and other deductions are taken out.
🌐 ES Ingreso bruto · FR Revenu brut · IT Reddito lordo · EL Μικτό εισόδημα · PT Renda bruta · RO Venit brut · DE Bruttoeinkommen
Net income (take-home pay)
What actually lands in your account after taxes and deductions.
🌐 ES Ingreso neto (sueldo líquido) · FR Revenu net (salaire net) · IT Reddito netto (stipendio netto) · EL Καθαρό εισόδημα (καθαρός μισθός) · PT Renda líquida (salário líquido) · RO Venit net (salariu net) · DE Nettoeinkommen
Fixed expenses
Costs that are the same every month, like rent, insurance and loan payments.
🌐 ES Gastos fijos · FR Dépenses fixes · IT Spese fisse · EL Σταθερά έξοδα · PT Despesas fixas · RO Cheltuieli fixe · DE Fixkosten
Variable expenses
Costs that change month to month, like groceries, gas and going out.
🌐 ES Gastos variables · FR Dépenses variables · IT Spese variabili · EL Μεταβλητά έξοδα · PT Despesas variáveis · RO Cheltuieli variabile · DE Variable Kosten
Checking account
The everyday bank account your pay goes into and your bills come out of.
🌐 ES Cuenta corriente (cuenta de cheques) · FR Compte courant · IT Conto corrente · EL Τρεχούμενος λογαριασμός · PT Conta corrente · RO Cont curent · DE Girokonto
Savings account
A bank account for money you're not spending soon; it earns a little interest.
🌐 ES Cuenta de ahorros · FR Compte d'épargne · IT Conto di risparmio · EL Λογαριασμός ταμιευτηρίου · PT Conta poupança · RO Cont de economii · DE Sparkonto
High-yield savings account (HYSA)
A savings account, usually online, that pays many times more interest than a typical bank.
🌐 ES Cuenta de ahorro de alto rendimiento (HYSA) · FR Compte d'épargne à haut rendement (HYSA) · IT Conto deposito ad alto rendimento (HYSA) · EL Λογαριασμός ταμιευτηρίου υψηλής απόδοσης (HYSA) · PT Conta de poupança de alto rendimento (HYSA) · RO Cont de economii cu randament ridicat (HYSA) · DE Tagesgeldkonto mit hohen Zinsen (HYSA)
Certificate of deposit (CD)
A savings deal where you lock money up for a set time in exchange for a fixed, higher interest rate.
🌐 ES Certificado de depósito (CD) · FR Dépôt à terme (CD) · IT Certificato di deposito (CD) · EL Προθεσμιακή κατάθεση (CD) · PT Certificado de depósito (CD / CDB) · RO Depozit la termen (CD) · DE Festgeld (CD)
Interest
The price of money: what you earn for lending it (savings) or pay for borrowing it (loans).
🌐 ES Interés · FR Intérêts · IT Interessi · EL Τόκος · PT Juros · RO Dobândă · DE Zinsen
Compound interest
Interest that earns interest of its own, so money grows faster and faster the longer it's left alone.
🌐 ES Interés compuesto · FR Intérêts composés · IT Interesse composto · EL Ανατοκισμός · PT Juros compostos · RO Dobândă compusă · DE Zinseszins
APY
Annual percentage yield: what a savings account really earns in a year, with compounding included.
🌐 ES APY (rendimiento anual) · FR Rendement annuel (APY) · IT Rendimento annuo effettivo (APY) · EL Ετήσια απόδοση (APY) · PT Rendimento anual (APY) · RO Randament anual (APY) · DE Effektiver Jahreszins beim Sparen (APY)
Principal
The original amount you borrowed or invested, before interest is added.
🌐 ES Capital (principal) · FR Capital (principal) · IT Capitale · EL Κεφάλαιο · PT Principal (capital) · RO Principal (capital) · DE Kapital (Darlehensbetrag)
Inflation
Prices rising over time, so the same money buys less than it used to.
🌐 ES Inflación · FR Inflation · IT Inflazione · EL Πληθωρισμός · PT Inflação · RO Inflație · DE Inflation
Subscription creep
Small recurring charges that pile up unnoticed and quietly eat your paycheck.
🌐 ES Suscripciones acumuladas · FR Dérive des abonnements · IT Abbonamenti che si accumulano · EL Συσσώρευση συνδρομών · PT Assinaturas acumuladas · RO Abonamente care se adună · DE Abo-Schleichen
Automatic transfer
A standing instruction that moves money to savings or investments on its own every payday.
🌐 ES Transferencia automática · FR Virement automatique · IT Bonifico automatico · EL Πάγια εντολή μεταφοράς · PT Transferência automática · RO Transfer automat · DE Dauerauftrag
Overdraft
Spending more than your account holds; the bank covers it and charges a fee.
🌐 ES Sobregiro · FR Découvert · IT Scoperto di conto · EL Υπερανάληψη · PT Cheque especial (saque a descoberto) · RO Descoperit de cont · DE Kontoüberziehung (Dispo)
Credit & debt
Credit
Borrowing money now with a promise to pay it back later, usually with interest.
🌐 ES Crédito · FR Crédit · IT Credito · EL Πίστωση · PT Crédito · RO Credit · DE Kredit
Credit score
A three-digit number (300 to 850) that tells lenders how reliably you've paid debts back.
🌐 ES Puntaje de crédito · FR Score de crédit · IT Punteggio di credito · EL Πιστοληπτικό σκορ · PT Score de crédito · RO Scor de credit · DE Kreditscore (Bonitätswert)
Credit report
Your borrowing history: accounts, balances, payments and missed payments, kept by the credit bureaus.
🌐 ES Historial crediticio · FR Rapport de crédit · IT Storia creditizia · EL Πιστοληπτικός φάκελος · PT Histórico de crédito · RO Raport de credit · DE Kreditauskunft
Credit utilization
How much of your credit limits you're using; under 30% helps your score, under 10% helps more.
🌐 ES Utilización del crédito · FR Taux d'utilisation du crédit · IT Utilizzo del credito · EL Ποσοστό χρήσης πίστωσης · PT Utilização do crédito · RO Grad de utilizare a creditului · DE Kreditauslastung
Credit limit
The most a card lets you borrow at one time.
🌐 ES Límite de crédito · FR Plafond de crédit · IT Limite di credito (plafond) · EL Πιστωτικό όριο · PT Limite de crédito · RO Limită de credit · DE Kreditrahmen
APR
Annual percentage rate: the yearly cost of borrowing, the number to compare loans and cards by.
🌐 ES Tasa anual (APR) · FR TAEG (APR) · IT TAEG (APR) · EL ΣΕΠΠΕ (APR) · PT CET (APR) · RO DAE (APR) · DE Effektiver Jahreszins (APR)
Minimum payment
The smallest amount a card lets you pay each month; paying only that keeps you in debt for years.
🌐 ES Pago mínimo · FR Paiement minimum · IT Pagamento minimo · EL Ελάχιστη καταβολή · PT Pagamento mínimo · RO Plata minimă · DE Mindestzahlung
Grace period
The days between a card statement and its due date when paying in full means no interest.
🌐 ES Periodo de gracia · FR Délai de grâce · IT Periodo di grazia · EL Περίοδος χάριτος · PT Período de carência · RO Perioadă de grație · DE Zinsfreie Frist
Statement balance
What you owed when the card's monthly statement closed; pay it in full to avoid interest.
🌐 ES Saldo del estado de cuenta · FR Solde du relevé · IT Saldo dell'estratto conto · EL Υπόλοιπο λογαριασμού (statement) · PT Saldo da fatura · RO Sold de extras · DE Abrechnungssaldo
Cash advance
Cash taken from a credit card; it charges a fee and interest from day one.
🌐 ES Adelanto de efectivo · FR Avance de fonds · IT Anticipo di contante · EL Ανάληψη μετρητών από κάρτα · PT Saque com cartão de crédito · RO Retragere de numerar de pe card · DE Bargeldbezug mit Kreditkarte
Good debt
Borrowing for something that grows in value or earns income, like education or a home.
🌐 ES Deuda buena · FR Bonne dette · IT Debito buono · EL Καλό χρέος · PT Dívida boa · RO Datorie bună · DE Gute Schulden
Bad debt
Borrowing at high interest for things that lose value, like card balances for everyday spending.
🌐 ES Deuda mala · FR Mauvaise dette · IT Debito cattivo · EL Κακό χρέος · PT Dívida ruim · RO Datorie rea · DE Schlechte Schulden
Secured debt
A loan backed by something the lender can take if you don't pay, like a car or a house.
🌐 ES Deuda garantizada · FR Dette garantie · IT Debito garantito · EL Εξασφαλισμένο χρέος · PT Dívida com garantia · RO Datorie garantată · DE Besicherter Kredit
Unsecured debt
A loan with nothing backing it, like a credit card, so the rate is higher.
🌐 ES Deuda sin garantía · FR Dette non garantie · IT Debito non garantito · EL Μη εξασφαλισμένο χρέος · PT Dívida sem garantia · RO Datorie negarantată · DE Unbesicherter Kredit
Collateral
The thing a lender can take if you stop paying a secured loan.
🌐 ES Garantía · FR Garantie (collatéral) · IT Garanzia (collaterale) · EL Εξασφάλιση (ενέχυρο) · PT Garantia · RO Garanție (gaj) · DE Sicherheit (Pfand)
Loan term
How long you have to pay a loan back; longer means smaller payments but more interest overall.
🌐 ES Plazo del préstamo · FR Durée du prêt · IT Durata del prestito · EL Διάρκεια δανείου · PT Prazo do empréstimo · RO Durata creditului · DE Laufzeit
Amortization
Paying a loan off in equal installments, where early payments are mostly interest and later ones mostly principal.
🌐 ES Amortización · FR Amortissement · IT Ammortamento · EL Τοκοχρεολυτική αποπληρωμή · PT Amortização · RO Amortizare · DE Tilgungsplan (Annuität)
Debt snowball
Paying off the smallest debt first for quick wins, then rolling that payment into the next one.
🌐 ES Bola de nieve de deudas · FR Boule de neige des dettes · IT Palla di neve dei debiti · EL Χιονόμπαλα χρεών · PT Bola de neve das dívidas · RO Bulgărele de zăpadă al datoriilor · DE Schulden-Schneeball
Debt avalanche
Paying off the highest-interest debt first, which costs the least in total interest.
🌐 ES Avalancha de deudas · FR Avalanche des dettes · IT Valanga dei debiti · EL Χιονοστιβάδα χρεών · PT Avalanche das dívidas · RO Avalanșa datoriilor · DE Schulden-Lawine
Refinancing
Replacing a loan with a new one at a lower rate or better terms.
🌐 ES Refinanciación · FR Refinancement · IT Rifinanziamento (surroga) · EL Αναχρηματοδότηση · PT Refinanciamento (portabilidade) · RO Refinanțare · DE Umschuldung
Balance transfer
Moving card debt to a new card with a 0% introductory rate to pay it down faster.
🌐 ES Transferencia de saldo · FR Transfert de solde · IT Trasferimento del saldo · EL Μεταφορά υπολοίπου · PT Transferência de saldo · RO Transfer de sold · DE Saldoübertrag
Co-signer
Someone who signs your loan and becomes fully responsible for it if you don't pay.
🌐 ES Codeudor (aval) · FR Co-emprunteur (caution) · IT Garante (coobbligato) · EL Εγγυητής · PT Avalista (fiador) · RO Codebitor (girant) · DE Mitunterzeichner (Bürge)
Buy now, pay later (BNPL)
Splitting a purchase into a few payments; feels free, but late fees and overspending are the catch.
🌐 ES Compra ahora, paga después (BNPL) · FR Achetez maintenant, payez plus tard (BNPL) · IT Compra ora, paga dopo (BNPL) · EL Αγόρασε τώρα, πλήρωσε αργότερα (BNPL) · PT Compre agora, pague depois (BNPL) · RO Cumpără acum, plătește mai târziu (BNPL) · DE Jetzt kaufen, später zahlen (BNPL)
Default
Failing to pay a loan as agreed, which damages your credit for years.
🌐 ES Incumplimiento (impago) · FR Défaut de paiement · IT Insolvenza (default) · EL Αθέτηση πληρωμής · PT Inadimplência · RO Neplată (default) · DE Zahlungsausfall
Student loan
Money borrowed for education; federal loans have more protections than private ones.
🌐 ES Préstamo estudiantil · FR Prêt étudiant · IT Prestito studentesco · EL Φοιτητικό δάνειο · PT Financiamento estudantil · RO Credit pentru studii · DE Studienkredit
Mortgage
A long loan to buy a home, with the home as collateral.
🌐 ES Hipoteca · FR Prêt immobilier (hypothèque) · IT Mutuo · EL Στεγαστικό δάνειο · PT Financiamento imobiliário (hipoteca) · RO Credit ipotecar · DE Hypothek (Baufinanzierung)
Fixed rate
An interest rate that stays the same for the whole loan, so the payment never changes.
🌐 ES Tasa fija · FR Taux fixe · IT Tasso fisso · EL Σταθερό επιτόκιο · PT Taxa fixa · RO Dobândă fixă · DE Fester Zins
Adjustable rate (ARM)
An interest rate that can change after an initial period, so payments can rise.
🌐 ES Tasa variable (ARM) · FR Taux variable (ARM) · IT Tasso variabile (ARM) · EL Κυμαινόμενο επιτόκιο (ARM) · PT Taxa variável (ARM) · RO Dobândă variabilă (ARM) · DE Variabler Zins (ARM)
Down payment
The part of a big purchase you pay up front; the rest is the loan.
🌐 ES Enganche (pago inicial) · FR Apport (acompte) · IT Anticipo (acconto) · EL Προκαταβολή · PT Entrada · RO Avans · DE Anzahlung (Eigenkapital)
Taxes
Tax bracket
A slice of income taxed at one rate; only the money inside each slice pays that slice's rate.
🌐 ES Tramo de impuestos · FR Tranche d'imposition · IT Scaglione fiscale · EL Φορολογικό κλιμάκιο · PT Faixa de imposto · RO Tranșă de impozitare · DE Steuerstufe
Marginal tax rate
The rate your next dollar of income is taxed at; your top bracket.
🌐 ES Tasa marginal · FR Taux marginal · IT Aliquota marginale · EL Οριακός συντελεστής · PT Alíquota marginal · RO Cotă marginală · DE Grenzsteuersatz
Effective tax rate
The share of your total income that actually went to tax, always lower than your top bracket.
🌐 ES Tasa efectiva · FR Taux effectif · IT Aliquota effettiva · EL Πραγματικός συντελεστής · PT Alíquota efetiva · RO Cotă efectivă · DE Effektiver Steuersatz
Standard deduction
A fixed amount everyone can subtract from income before tax, no receipts needed.
🌐 ES Deducción estándar · FR Déduction forfaitaire · IT Deduzione standard · EL Τυπική έκπτωση · PT Dedução padrão · RO Deducere standard · DE Pauschalabzug
Itemized deductions
Listing specific costs (mortgage interest, big donations, medical bills) instead of taking the standard deduction.
🌐 ES Deducciones detalladas · FR Déductions détaillées · IT Deduzioni analitiche · EL Αναλυτικές εκπτώσεις · PT Deduções detalhadas · RO Deduceri detaliate · DE Einzelabzüge
Tax credit
An amount taken straight off your tax bill, dollar for dollar; worth more than a deduction.
🌐 ES Crédito fiscal · FR Crédit d'impôt · IT Credito d'imposta · EL Πίστωση φόρου · PT Crédito tributário · RO Credit fiscal · DE Steuergutschrift
Tax deduction
An amount subtracted from your income before the tax is calculated.
🌐 ES Deducción fiscal · FR Déduction fiscale · IT Deduzione fiscale · EL Φορολογική έκπτωση · PT Dedução fiscal · RO Deducere fiscală · DE Steuerabzug
Withholding
Tax your employer takes out of each paycheck and sends to the government for you.
🌐 ES Retención · FR Retenue à la source · IT Ritenuta alla fonte · EL Παρακράτηση φόρου · PT Retenção na fonte · RO Reținere la sursă · DE Lohnsteuerabzug
Tax refund
Money back after filing because too much was withheld; it was your money all along, lent for free.
🌐 ES Devolución de impuestos · FR Remboursement d'impôt · IT Rimborso fiscale · EL Επιστροφή φόρου · PT Restituição de imposto · RO Rambursare de impozit · DE Steuererstattung
W-2
The yearly form from an employer showing what you earned and what tax was withheld.
🌐 ES W-2 · FR W-2 · IT W-2 · EL W-2 · PT W-2 · RO W-2 · DE W-2
1099
The yearly form for freelance or contract income, with no tax withheld, so you pay it yourself.
🌐 ES 1099 · FR 1099 · IT 1099 · EL 1099 · PT 1099 · RO 1099 · DE 1099
Self-employment tax
The Social Security and Medicare tax freelancers pay themselves, about 15% on top of income tax.
🌐 ES Impuesto de trabajo por cuenta propia · FR Taxe des indépendants · IT Imposta sul lavoro autonomo · EL Φόρος αυτοαπασχόλησης · PT Imposto do trabalho autônomo · RO Impozit pe activități independente · DE Selbstständigensteuer
Payroll tax (FICA)
Social Security and Medicare tax taken from every paycheck, split between you and your employer.
🌐 ES Impuesto de nómina (FICA) · FR Charges salariales (FICA) · IT Contributi sulla busta paga (FICA) · EL Εισφορές μισθοδοσίας (FICA) · PT Encargos sobre a folha (FICA) · RO Contribuții salariale (FICA) · DE Lohnabgaben (FICA)
Capital gain
The profit when you sell an investment for more than you paid.
🌐 ES Ganancia de capital · FR Plus-value · IT Plusvalenza (capital gain) · EL Υπεραξία · PT Ganho de capital · RO Câștig de capital · DE Kapitalgewinn
Long-term capital gain
Profit on an investment held more than a year, taxed at a lower rate than short-term profit.
🌐 ES Ganancia de capital a largo plazo · FR Plus-value à long terme · IT Plusvalenza a lungo termine · EL Μακροπρόθεσμη υπεραξία · PT Ganho de capital de longo prazo · RO Câștig de capital pe termen lung · DE Langfristiger Kapitalgewinn
Cost basis
What you paid for an investment, used to work out your gain or loss when you sell.
🌐 ES Costo base · FR Prix de revient · IT Prezzo di carico · EL Κόστος κτήσης · PT Custo de aquisição · RO Cost de achiziție · DE Anschaffungskosten
Tax-loss harvesting
Selling a losing investment on purpose so the loss cancels out taxable gains.
🌐 ES Cosecha de pérdidas fiscales · FR Récolte de pertes fiscales · IT Compensazione delle minusvalenze · EL Συμψηφισμός ζημιών · PT Compensação de prejuízos · RO Valorificarea pierderilor fiscale · DE Verlustverrechnung
Write-off
A business expense you subtract from income so you're taxed on less.
🌐 ES Gasto deducible · FR Charge déductible · IT Costo deducibile · EL Εκπιπτόμενη δαπάνη · PT Despesa dedutível · RO Cheltuială deductibilă · DE Absetzbare Ausgabe
Tax-advantaged account
An account like a 401(k), IRA or HSA where money grows with less tax or none.
🌐 ES Cuenta con ventajas fiscales · FR Compte à avantage fiscal · IT Conto fiscalmente agevolato · EL Λογαριασμός με φορολογικά πλεονεκτήματα · PT Conta com vantagem fiscal · RO Cont cu avantaje fiscale · DE Steuerbegünstigtes Konto
Retirement
401(k)
A retirement account through your employer, funded straight from your paycheck before tax.
🌐 ES 401(k) · FR 401(k) · IT 401(k) · EL 401(k) · PT 401(k) · RO 401(k) · DE 401(k)
Employer match
Free money: your employer adds to your 401(k) when you contribute, up to a limit.
🌐 ES Aporte del empleador · FR Abondement de l'employeur · IT Contributo del datore di lavoro · EL Εισφορά εργοδότη · PT Contrapartida do empregador · RO Contribuția angajatorului · DE Arbeitgeberzuschuss
IRA
An individual retirement account you open yourself, with tax benefits, separate from any employer.
🌐 ES IRA · FR IRA · IT IRA · EL IRA · PT IRA · RO IRA · DE IRA
Roth
Pay tax on the money now, and every withdrawal in retirement is tax-free.
🌐 ES Roth · FR Roth · IT Roth · EL Roth · PT Roth · RO Roth · DE Roth
Traditional (pre-tax)
Skip tax on the money now, and pay tax when you withdraw it in retirement.
🌐 ES Tradicional (antes de impuestos) · FR Traditionnel (avant impôt) · IT Tradizionale (pre-tasse) · EL Παραδοσιακός (προ φόρων) · PT Tradicional (pré-imposto) · RO Tradițional (înainte de impozit) · DE Traditionell (vorsteuerlich)
HSA
A health savings account with three tax breaks: money goes in untaxed, grows untaxed, and comes out untaxed for medical costs.
🌐 ES HSA · FR HSA · IT HSA · EL HSA · PT HSA · RO HSA · DE HSA
Target-date fund
One fund that holds a mix of investments and gets safer on its own as your retirement year nears.
🌐 ES Fondo con fecha objetivo · FR Fonds à date cible · IT Fondo a data obiettivo · EL Αμοιβαίο κεφάλαιο στόχου ημερομηνίας · PT Fundo com data-alvo · RO Fond cu dată-țintă · DE Zielfonds (Target-Date-Fonds)
Vesting
The waiting period before your employer's matching money is fully yours to keep.
🌐 ES Consolidación (vesting) · FR Acquisition des droits (vesting) · IT Maturazione (vesting) · EL Κατοχύρωση (vesting) · PT Período de carência (vesting) · RO Dobândire a drepturilor (vesting) · DE Unverfallbarkeit (Vesting)
Contribution limit
The most you can put into a retirement account in one year; it changes with inflation.
🌐 ES Límite de aportación · FR Plafond de versement · IT Limite di contribuzione · EL Όριο εισφορών · PT Limite de contribuição · RO Limită de contribuție · DE Einzahlungsgrenze
Early withdrawal penalty
An extra 10% tax for taking retirement money out before age 59½, on top of regular tax.
🌐 ES Penalización por retiro anticipado · FR Pénalité de retrait anticipé · IT Penale per prelievo anticipato · EL Πρόστιμο πρόωρης ανάληψης · PT Multa por saque antecipado · RO Penalizare pentru retragere anticipată · DE Strafe für vorzeitige Auszahlung
📚 Learn it: Don't Raid Your 401(k): The Early-Withdrawal Trap
Rollover
Moving retirement money from one account to another, like an old 401(k) into an IRA, without tax.
🌐 ES Traspaso (rollover) · FR Transfert (rollover) · IT Trasferimento (rollover) · EL Μεταφορά (rollover) · PT Transferência (rollover) · RO Transfer (rollover) · DE Übertrag (Rollover)
📚 Learn it: Don't Raid Your 401(k): The Early-Withdrawal Trap
Required minimum distribution (RMD)
The amount you must withdraw from pre-tax retirement accounts each year once you reach your 70s.
🌐 ES Distribución mínima obligatoria (RMD) · FR Retrait minimum obligatoire (RMD) · IT Prelievo minimo obbligatorio (RMD) · EL Υποχρεωτική ελάχιστη ανάληψη (RMD) · PT Saque mínimo obrigatório (RMD) · RO Retragere minimă obligatorie (RMD) · DE Pflichtentnahme (RMD)
Beneficiary
The person who gets an account or insurance payout when you die; named on a form, not in a will.
🌐 ES Beneficiario · FR Bénéficiaire · IT Beneficiario · EL Δικαιούχος · PT Beneficiário · RO Beneficiar · DE Begünstigter
Will
A legal document saying who gets what you own and who cares for your kids.
🌐 ES Testamento · FR Testament · IT Testamento · EL Διαθήκη · PT Testamento · RO Testament · DE Testament
Estate
Everything a person owns at death, before it's passed on.
🌐 ES Herencia (patrimonio) · FR Succession (patrimoine) · IT Eredità (patrimonio) · EL Κληρονομιαία περιουσία · PT Espólio (patrimônio) · RO Moștenire (patrimoniu succesoral) · DE Nachlass
Pension
A retirement income an employer pays for life, now rare outside government jobs.
🌐 ES Pensión · FR Pension d'entreprise · IT Pensione aziendale · EL Σύνταξη εργοδότη · PT Pensão do empregador · RO Pensie de la angajator · DE Betriebsrente
Insurance
Deductible
What you pay out of your own pocket before the insurance starts paying.
🌐 ES Deducible · FR Franchise · IT Franchigia · EL Απαλλαγή · PT Franquia · RO Franșiză · DE Selbstbeteiligung
Copay
A fixed amount you pay for a visit or a prescription, like $30 at the doctor.
🌐 ES Copago · FR Copaiement (ticket modérateur) · IT Ticket (copay) · EL Συμμετοχή ανά επίσκεψη (copay) · PT Coparticipação fixa (copay) · RO Coplată fixă (copay) · DE Zuzahlung (Copay)
Coinsurance
Your share of a bill after the deductible, like 20% while insurance pays 80%.
🌐 ES Coaseguro · FR Coassurance · IT Coassicurazione · EL Συνασφάλιση · PT Coparticipação percentual · RO Coasigurare · DE Prozentuale Selbstbeteiligung
Out-of-pocket maximum
The most you'll pay in a year for covered care; after that, insurance pays everything.
🌐 ES Gasto máximo de bolsillo · FR Plafond de reste à charge · IT Tetto massimo di spesa · EL Ανώτατο όριο ιδίας συμμετοχής · PT Teto de gastos do bolso · RO Plafon de cheltuieli din buzunar · DE Eigenanteilsgrenze
In-network
Doctors and hospitals with a deal with your insurer, so they cost you far less.
🌐 ES Dentro de la red · FR Dans le réseau · IT In rete (convenzionato) · EL Συμβεβλημένος (εντός δικτύου) · PT Rede credenciada · RO În rețea · DE Im Netzwerk (Vertragsarzt)
Liability coverage
Insurance that pays for harm you cause to other people or their property.
🌐 ES Cobertura de responsabilidad civil · FR Responsabilité civile · IT Responsabilità civile · EL Κάλυψη αστικής ευθύνης · PT Cobertura de responsabilidade civil · RO Răspundere civilă · DE Haftpflichtschutz
Term life insurance
Life insurance for a set number of years at a low price; what most families need.
🌐 ES Seguro de vida temporal · FR Assurance vie temporaire · IT Assicurazione vita temporanea · EL Ασφάλεια ζωής ορισμένης διάρκειας · PT Seguro de vida temporário · RO Asigurare de viață pe termen · DE Risikolebensversicherung
Whole life insurance
Life insurance that lasts forever and builds cash value, at a much higher price.
🌐 ES Seguro de vida entera · FR Assurance vie entière · IT Assicurazione vita intera · EL Ισόβια ασφάλεια ζωής · PT Seguro de vida inteira · RO Asigurare de viață permanentă · DE Kapitallebensversicherung
Disability insurance
Pays part of your income if illness or injury stops you from working.
🌐 ES Seguro de incapacidad · FR Assurance invalidité · IT Assicurazione invalidità · EL Ασφάλεια ανικανότητας · PT Seguro de invalidez · RO Asigurare de invaliditate · DE Berufsunfähigkeitsversicherung
📚 Learn it: Disability Insurance: Protect the Goose, Not the Eggs
Umbrella policy
Cheap extra liability coverage on top of your car and home insurance for worst-case lawsuits.
🌐 ES Póliza paraguas · FR Police parapluie · IT Polizza ombrello · EL Ασφάλεια ομπρέλα · PT Apólice guarda-chuva · RO Poliță umbrelă · DE Umbrella-Police
📚 Learn it: Umbrella Insurance: Cheap Backup for Worst-Case Days
Claim
Asking your insurer to pay for a loss covered by your policy.
🌐 ES Reclamación (siniestro) · FR Déclaration de sinistre · IT Richiesta di risarcimento (sinistro) · EL Αξίωση αποζημίωσης · PT Sinistro (acionar o seguro) · RO Cerere de despăgubire (daună) · DE Schadensmeldung
Renters insurance
Cheap coverage for your belongings and liability when you rent; the landlord's policy doesn't cover you.
🌐 ES Seguro de inquilino · FR Assurance locataire · IT Assicurazione per inquilini · EL Ασφάλεια ενοικιαστή · PT Seguro para inquilinos · RO Asigurare pentru chiriași · DE Hausratversicherung für Mieter
Investing
Stock (share)
A tiny piece of ownership in a company.
🌐 ES Acción · FR Action · IT Azione · EL Μετοχή · PT Ação · RO Acțiune · DE Aktie
Dividend
Cash a company pays its shareholders out of its profits, usually every quarter.
🌐 ES Dividendo · FR Dividende · IT Dividendo · EL Μέρισμα · PT Dividendo · RO Dividend · DE Dividende
ETF
Exchange-traded fund: one share that holds many investments, bought and sold like a stock.
🌐 ES ETF · FR ETF · IT ETF · EL ETF · PT ETF · RO ETF · DE ETF
Index fund
A fund that simply owns everything in a market index, like the S&P 500, at a very low cost.
🌐 ES Fondo indexado · FR Fonds indiciel · IT Fondo indicizzato · EL Κεφάλαιο δείκτη · PT Fundo de índice · RO Fond indexat · DE Indexfonds
S&P 500
An index of 500 of the biggest US companies; the usual yardstick for the stock market.
🌐 ES S&P 500 · FR S&P 500 · IT S&P 500 · EL S&P 500 · PT S&P 500 · RO S&P 500 · DE S&P 500
Mutual fund
A pool of many investors' money run by a manager; priced once a day, often with higher fees than an ETF.
🌐 ES Fondo mutuo · FR Fonds commun de placement · IT Fondo comune · EL Αμοιβαίο κεφάλαιο · PT Fundo de investimento · RO Fond mutual · DE Investmentfonds
Expense ratio
A fund's yearly fee as a percentage; 0.03% versus 1% is the difference of a fortune over decades.
🌐 ES Ratio de gastos · FR Frais de gestion (expense ratio) · IT Costo di gestione (TER) · EL Δείκτης εξόδων (TER) · PT Taxa de administração · RO Comision de administrare (expense ratio) · DE Kostenquote (TER)
Diversification
Spreading money across many investments so one bad one can't sink you.
🌐 ES Diversificación · FR Diversification · IT Diversificazione · EL Διαφοροποίηση · PT Diversificação · RO Diversificare · DE Diversifikation (Streuung)
Asset allocation
The mix of stocks, bonds and cash you hold; the biggest driver of your risk and return.
🌐 ES Distribución de activos · FR Allocation d'actifs · IT Allocazione degli attivi · EL Κατανομή περιουσιακών στοιχείων · PT Alocação de ativos · RO Alocarea activelor · DE Vermögensaufteilung
Rebalancing
Nudging your portfolio back to its target mix once a year by selling what grew and buying what lagged.
🌐 ES Rebalanceo · FR Rééquilibrage · IT Ribilanciamento · EL Επανεξισορρόπηση · PT Rebalanceamento · RO Reechilibrare · DE Rebalancing
Dollar-cost averaging
Investing the same amount on a schedule no matter what the market is doing.
🌐 ES Compra periódica (DCA) · FR Investissement programmé (DCA) · IT Piano di accumulo (PAC / DCA) · EL Σταδιακή επένδυση (DCA) · PT Aportes regulares (DCA) · RO Investiție periodică (DCA) · DE Sparplan (Durchschnittskosteneffekt)
Bond
A loan you make to a government or company; they pay you interest and return the money at the end.
🌐 ES Bono · FR Obligation · IT Obbligazione · EL Ομόλογο · PT Título de renda fixa (bond) · RO Obligațiune · DE Anleihe
Yield
What an investment pays each year as a percentage of its price.
🌐 ES Rendimiento · FR Rendement · IT Rendimento · EL Απόδοση · PT Rendimento (yield) · RO Randament · DE Rendite
Coupon
The fixed interest a bond pays, named for the paper slips bondholders once clipped.
🌐 ES Cupón · FR Coupon · IT Cedola · EL Τοκομερίδιο (κουπόνι) · PT Cupom · RO Cupon · DE Kupon
Treasury (T-bill, note, bond)
Loans to the US government, the safest investment there is; bills are short, bonds are long.
🌐 ES Bonos del Tesoro (T-bills, notas, bonos) · FR Bons du Trésor (T-bills, notes, bonds) · IT Titoli del Tesoro USA (T-bill, note, bond) · EL Αμερικανικά κρατικά ομόλογα (T-bills, notes, bonds) · PT Títulos do Tesouro dos EUA (T-bills, notes, bonds) · RO Titluri de stat americane (T-bills, notes, bonds) · DE US-Staatsanleihen (T-Bills, Notes, Bonds)
Credit rating
A grade (AAA to junk) for how likely a borrower is to pay its bonds back.
🌐 ES Calificación crediticia · FR Notation de crédit · IT Rating creditizio · EL Πιστοληπτική αξιολόγηση · PT Rating de crédito · RO Rating de credit · DE Bonitätsnote (Rating)
Junk bond (high yield)
A bond from a shaky borrower that pays high interest because it might not pay you back.
🌐 ES Bono basura (alto rendimiento) · FR Obligation à haut rendement (junk bond) · IT Obbligazione spazzatura (high yield) · EL Ομόλογο υψηλού κινδύνου (junk) · PT Título de alto risco (junk bond) · RO Obligațiune cu risc ridicat (junk) · DE Hochzinsanleihe (Junk Bond)
Municipal bond
A bond from a city or state, with interest that's usually free of federal tax.
🌐 ES Bono municipal · FR Obligation municipale · IT Obbligazione municipale · EL Δημοτικό ομόλογο · PT Título municipal · RO Obligațiune municipală · DE Kommunalanleihe
Market cap
What the whole company is worth on the market: share price times number of shares.
🌐 ES Capitalización de mercado · FR Capitalisation boursière · IT Capitalizzazione di mercato · EL Κεφαλαιοποίηση · PT Valor de mercado · RO Capitalizare bursieră · DE Marktkapitalisierung
P/E ratio
Share price divided by yearly profit per share; how many years of profit you're paying for.
🌐 ES Ratio P/E (precio-beneficio) · FR Ratio cours/bénéfice (P/E) · IT Rapporto prezzo/utili (P/E) · EL Δείκτης P/E (τιμή προς κέρδη) · PT Índice P/L (preço/lucro) · RO Raport P/E (preț/profit) · DE KGV (Kurs-Gewinn-Verhältnis)
Earnings per share (EPS)
A company's profit divided by its number of shares.
🌐 ES Ganancia por acción (EPS) · FR Bénéfice par action (BPA) · IT Utile per azione (EPS) · EL Κέρδη ανά μετοχή (EPS) · PT Lucro por ação (LPA) · RO Profit pe acțiune (EPS) · DE Gewinn je Aktie (EPS)
Income statement
The report showing what a company earned, spent and kept as profit over a period.
🌐 ES Estado de resultados · FR Compte de résultat · IT Conto economico · EL Κατάσταση αποτελεσμάτων · PT Demonstração de resultados (DRE) · RO Cont de profit și pierdere · DE Gewinn- und Verlustrechnung
Balance sheet
A snapshot of what a company owns, what it owes, and what's left for shareholders.
🌐 ES Balance general · FR Bilan · IT Stato patrimoniale · EL Ισολογισμός · PT Balanço patrimonial · RO Bilanț · DE Bilanz
Cash flow
The actual cash moving in and out of a company or a household; harder to fake than profit.
🌐 ES Flujo de caja · FR Flux de trésorerie · IT Flusso di cassa · EL Ταμειακή ροή · PT Fluxo de caixa · RO Flux de numerar · DE Cashflow
Moat
A lasting advantage that keeps competitors away, like a brand, a network or a cost edge.
🌐 ES Foso (ventaja competitiva) · FR Avantage concurrentiel durable (moat) · IT Vantaggio competitivo (moat) · EL Τάφρος (ανταγωνιστικό πλεονέκτημα) · PT Vantagem competitiva (moat) · RO Avantaj competitiv durabil (moat) · DE Burggraben (Wettbewerbsvorteil)
REIT
A company that owns income-producing property and pays most of its profit out as dividends.
🌐 ES REIT · FR REIT (foncière cotée) · IT REIT · EL REIT · PT REIT (fundo imobiliário) · RO REIT · DE REIT
Brokerage account
The account you buy and sell investments through; no tax perks, but no limits either.
🌐 ES Cuenta de corretaje (bróker) · FR Compte-titres (courtier) · IT Conto titoli (broker) · EL Χρηματιστηριακός λογαριασμός · PT Conta na corretora · RO Cont de brokeraj · DE Depot (Brokerkonto)
Ticker symbol
The short code a stock trades under, like AAPL for Apple.
🌐 ES Símbolo bursátil (ticker) · FR Symbole boursier (ticker) · IT Simbolo di borsa (ticker) · EL Σύμβολο μετοχής (ticker) · PT Código de negociação (ticker) · RO Simbol bursier (ticker) · DE Tickersymbol
Bid-ask spread
The gap between what buyers offer and what sellers ask; a hidden cost of every trade.
🌐 ES Diferencial compra-venta (spread) · FR Écart achat-vente (spread) · IT Spread denaro-lettera · EL Άνοιγμα τιμών (spread) · PT Spread de compra e venda · RO Spread cumpărare-vânzare · DE Geld-Brief-Spanne (Spread)
Market order
Buy or sell right now at whatever the current price is.
🌐 ES Orden a mercado · FR Ordre au marché · IT Ordine a mercato · EL Εντολή αγοράς/πώλησης στην τρέχουσα τιμή · PT Ordem a mercado · RO Ordin la piață · DE Market-Order
Limit order
Buy or sell only at the price you set, or better.
🌐 ES Orden limitada · FR Ordre à cours limité · IT Ordine limite · EL Οριακή εντολή (limit) · PT Ordem limitada · RO Ordin limită · DE Limit-Order
Stop-loss
An order that sells automatically if the price falls to a level you chose, to cap a loss.
🌐 ES Stop-loss (orden de pérdida límite) · FR Stop-loss (ordre stop) · IT Stop-loss · EL Stop-loss · PT Stop-loss · RO Stop-loss · DE Stop-Loss
Liquidity
How quickly something can be turned into cash without losing value.
🌐 ES Liquidez · FR Liquidité · IT Liquidità · EL Ρευστότητα · PT Liquidez · RO Lichiditate · DE Liquidität
Volatility
How much and how fast a price swings; the price of higher returns.
🌐 ES Volatilidad · FR Volatilité · IT Volatilità · EL Μεταβλητότητα · PT Volatilidade · RO Volatilitate · DE Volatilität
Risk tolerance
How much of a drop you can stomach without panic-selling.
🌐 ES Tolerancia al riesgo · FR Tolérance au risque · IT Tolleranza al rischio · EL Ανοχή στο ρίσκο · PT Tolerância ao risco · RO Toleranță la risc · DE Risikotoleranz
Position sizing
Deciding how much to put into one investment so a single loss can't hurt much.
🌐 ES Tamaño de la posición · FR Taille de position · IT Dimensione della posizione · EL Μέγεθος θέσης · PT Tamanho da posição · RO Dimensionarea poziției · DE Positionsgröße
Short selling
Betting a price will fall by borrowing shares, selling them, and buying them back cheaper later.
🌐 ES Venta en corto · FR Vente à découvert · IT Vendita allo scoperto · EL Ανοιχτή πώληση (short) · PT Venda a descoberto (short) · RO Vânzare în lipsă (short) · DE Leerverkauf
Margin
Borrowing from your broker to invest; it magnifies gains and losses alike.
🌐 ES Margen · FR Marge (crédit du courtier) · IT Margine · EL Περιθώριο (margin) · PT Margem (alavancagem na corretora) · RO Marjă (credit de la broker) · DE Margin (Wertpapierkredit)
Leverage
Using borrowed money to control a bigger investment than your cash alone could buy.
🌐 ES Apalancamiento · FR Effet de levier · IT Leva finanziaria · EL Μόχλευση · PT Alavancagem · RO Efect de levier · DE Hebel
Option
A contract giving the right, not the duty, to buy or sell something at a set price by a set date.
🌐 ES Opción · FR Option · IT Opzione · EL Δικαίωμα προαίρεσης (option) · PT Opção · RO Opțiune · DE Option
Call option
The right to buy at a set price; a bet the price goes up.
🌐 ES Opción call · FR Option d'achat (call) · IT Opzione call · EL Δικαίωμα αγοράς (call) · PT Opção de compra (call) · RO Opțiune call (de cumpărare) · DE Call-Option
Put option
The right to sell at a set price; a bet the price goes down, or insurance against it.
🌐 ES Opción put · FR Option de vente (put) · IT Opzione put · EL Δικαίωμα πώλησης (put) · PT Opção de venda (put) · RO Opțiune put (de vânzare) · DE Put-Option
Strike price
The fixed price an option lets you buy or sell at.
🌐 ES Precio de ejercicio · FR Prix d'exercice · IT Prezzo di esercizio (strike) · EL Τιμή άσκησης · PT Preço de exercício (strike) · RO Preț de exercitare · DE Ausübungspreis (Strike)
Commodity
A raw material traded in bulk, like oil, gold, wheat or coffee.
🌐 ES Materia prima · FR Matière première · IT Materia prima · EL Εμπόρευμα (πρώτη ύλη) · PT Commodity · RO Materie primă (commodity) · DE Rohstoff
Futures contract
An agreement to buy or sell something at a set price on a future date.
🌐 ES Contrato de futuros · FR Contrat à terme (futures) · IT Contratto future · EL Συμβόλαιο μελλοντικής εκπλήρωσης (futures) · PT Contrato futuro · RO Contract futures · DE Terminkontrakt (Future)
Paper trading
Practicing with pretend money to learn before risking real money.
🌐 ES Operar en papel (simulado) · FR Trading fictif · IT Trading simulato · EL Εικονικές συναλλαγές · PT Simulação de investimento · RO Tranzacționare simulată · DE Papierhandel (Demokonto)
Passive income
Money that keeps coming in without ongoing work, like dividends, rent or royalties.
🌐 ES Ingreso pasivo · FR Revenu passif · IT Reddito passivo · EL Παθητικό εισόδημα · PT Renda passiva · RO Venit pasiv · DE Passives Einkommen
FIRE
Financial independence, retire early: saving and investing enough that work becomes optional.
🌐 ES FIRE · FR FIRE · IT FIRE · EL FIRE · PT FIRE · RO FIRE · DE FIRE
Savings rate
The share of your income you save and invest; the single number that decides how soon you're free.
🌐 ES Tasa de ahorro · FR Taux d'épargne · IT Tasso di risparmio · EL Ποσοστό αποταμίευσης · PT Taxa de poupança · RO Rată de economisire · DE Sparquote
4% rule
You can spend about 4% of your investments a year and likely never run out; so you need 25 times your yearly spending.
🌐 ES Regla del 4% · FR Règle des 4 % · IT Regola del 4% · EL Κανόνας του 4% · PT Regra dos 4% · RO Regula de 4% · DE 4-%-Regel
House hacking
Living in one part of a property and renting out the rest so tenants cover your mortgage.
🌐 ES House hacking · FR House hacking · IT House hacking · EL House hacking · PT House hacking · RO House hacking · DE House Hacking
Cap rate
A rental property's yearly net income divided by its price; a quick way to compare deals.
🌐 ES Tasa de capitalización (cap rate) · FR Taux de capitalisation (cap rate) · IT Tasso di capitalizzazione (cap rate) · EL Απόδοση ακινήτου (cap rate) · PT Cap rate (taxa de capitalização) · RO Rată de capitalizare (cap rate) · DE Kapitalisierungsrate (Cap Rate)
Markets & economy
Bull market
A long stretch of rising prices and optimism.
🌐 ES Mercado alcista · FR Marché haussier · IT Mercato toro (rialzista) · EL Ανοδική αγορά (bull) · PT Mercado em alta (bull) · RO Piață în creștere (bull) · DE Bullenmarkt
Bear market
A fall of 20% or more from a peak, with fear in charge.
🌐 ES Mercado bajista · FR Marché baissier · IT Mercato orso (ribassista) · EL Πτωτική αγορά (bear) · PT Mercado em baixa (bear) · RO Piață în scădere (bear) · DE Bärenmarkt
Correction
A drop of 10% or more; normal, frequent, and usually over within months.
🌐 ES Corrección · FR Correction · IT Correzione · EL Διόρθωση · PT Correção · RO Corecție · DE Korrektur
GDP
Gross domestic product: the total value of everything a country produces in a year; its economic score.
🌐 ES PIB · FR PIB · IT PIL · EL ΑΕΠ · PT PIB · RO PIB · DE BIP
CPI
Consumer price index: the official measure of inflation, tracking the price of a basket of everyday things.
🌐 ES IPC · FR IPC · IT Indice dei prezzi al consumo (CPI) · EL ΔΤΚ (CPI) · PT IPC (CPI) · RO IPC (CPI) · DE Verbraucherpreisindex (VPI)
Federal Reserve (the Fed)
The US central bank; it sets the key interest rate that moves every other rate.
🌐 ES Reserva Federal (la Fed) · FR Réserve fédérale (la Fed) · IT Federal Reserve (la Fed) · EL Ομοσπονδιακή Τράπεζα (η Fed) · PT Federal Reserve (o Fed) · RO Rezerva Federală (Fed) · DE Federal Reserve (die Fed)
📚 Learn it: The Federal Reserve — The Most Powerful Institution Nobody Voted For
Rate hike / rate cut
The Fed raising rates to cool inflation, or cutting them to boost a weak economy.
🌐 ES Subida / bajada de tasas · FR Hausse / baisse des taux · IT Rialzo / taglio dei tassi · EL Αύξηση / μείωση επιτοκίων · PT Alta / corte de juros · RO Majorare / reducere a dobânzii · DE Zinserhöhung / Zinssenkung
📚 Learn it: The Federal Reserve — The Most Powerful Institution Nobody Voted For
Recession
A period when the economy shrinks, jobs are lost and spending falls.
🌐 ES Recesión · FR Récession · IT Recessione · EL Ύφεση · PT Recessão · RO Recesiune · DE Rezession
Yield curve
A chart of interest rates on short versus long government bonds; when it flips, a recession often follows.
🌐 ES Curva de rendimientos · FR Courbe des taux · IT Curva dei rendimenti · EL Καμπύλη αποδόσεων · PT Curva de juros · RO Curba randamentelor · DE Zinskurve
📚 Learn it: The Yield Curve — Bond Markets Predicting Recessions
Business cycle
The economy's repeating rhythm of growth, peak, slowdown and recovery.
🌐 ES Ciclo económico · FR Cycle économique · IT Ciclo economico · EL Οικονομικός κύκλος · PT Ciclo econômico · RO Ciclu economic · DE Konjunkturzyklus
Exchange rate
What one currency is worth in another.
🌐 ES Tipo de cambio · FR Taux de change · IT Tasso di cambio · EL Συναλλαγματική ισοτιμία · PT Taxa de câmbio · RO Curs de schimb · DE Wechselkurs
📚 Learn it: Exchange Rates — How Currency Moves Affect Your Portfolio
Emerging markets
Fast-growing but riskier economies like India, Brazil or Vietnam.
🌐 ES Mercados emergentes · FR Marchés émergents · IT Mercati emergenti · EL Αναδυόμενες αγορές · PT Mercados emergentes · RO Piețe emergente · DE Schwellenländer
📚 Learn it: Emerging Markets — The Higher-Risk, Higher-Growth Bet
Home bias
Holding mostly investments from your own country, and missing the rest of the world.
🌐 ES Sesgo doméstico · FR Biais domestique · IT Home bias · EL Εγχώρια προκατάληψη · PT Viés doméstico · RO Prejudecata pieței locale · DE Home Bias
Candlestick
A chart shape showing a period's opening, closing, highest and lowest prices.
🌐 ES Vela (candlestick) · FR Chandelier (bougie) · IT Candela (candlestick) · EL Κηροπήγιο (candlestick) · PT Candle (candlestick) · RO Lumânare (candlestick) · DE Kerze (Candlestick)
Moving average
The average price over the last N days, drawn as a line to smooth out the noise.
🌐 ES Media móvil · FR Moyenne mobile · IT Media mobile · EL Κινητός μέσος όρος · PT Média móvel · RO Medie mobilă · DE Gleitender Durchschnitt
Support and resistance
Price levels where a stock has repeatedly stopped falling (support) or stopped rising (resistance).
🌐 ES Soporte y resistencia · FR Support et résistance · IT Supporto e resistenza · EL Στήριξη και αντίσταση · PT Suporte e resistência · RO Suport și rezistență · DE Unterstützung und Widerstand
Crypto
Bitcoin
The first cryptocurrency: digital money with a fixed supply, run by a network instead of a bank.
🌐 ES Bitcoin · FR Bitcoin · IT Bitcoin · EL Bitcoin · PT Bitcoin · RO Bitcoin · DE Bitcoin
Blockchain
A shared record of transactions that thousands of computers keep in sync so nobody can quietly change it.
🌐 ES Blockchain (cadena de bloques) · FR Blockchain · IT Blockchain · EL Blockchain (αλυσίδα μπλοκ) · PT Blockchain · RO Blockchain · DE Blockchain
Crypto wallet
Where your crypto keys live: hot wallets are online and handy, cold wallets are offline and safer.
🌐 ES Billetera cripto · FR Portefeuille crypto (wallet) · IT Wallet (portafoglio cripto) · EL Κρυπτοπορτοφόλι (wallet) · PT Carteira cripto (wallet) · RO Portofel cripto (wallet) · DE Krypto-Wallet
Private key
The secret code that controls your crypto; whoever has it owns the coins.
🌐 ES Clave privada · FR Clé privée · IT Chiave privata · EL Ιδιωτικό κλειδί · PT Chave privada · RO Cheie privată · DE Privater Schlüssel
Stablecoin
A crypto token designed to stay worth exactly one dollar.
🌐 ES Stablecoin · FR Stablecoin · IT Stablecoin · EL Stablecoin · PT Stablecoin · RO Stablecoin · DE Stablecoin
Ethereum
A blockchain that runs programs (smart contracts), not just payments.
🌐 ES Ethereum · FR Ethereum · IT Ethereum · EL Ethereum · PT Ethereum · RO Ethereum · DE Ethereum
Smart contract
A program on a blockchain that carries out a deal automatically when its conditions are met.
🌐 ES Contrato inteligente · FR Contrat intelligent · IT Smart contract · EL Έξυπνο συμβόλαιο · PT Contrato inteligente · RO Contract inteligent · DE Smart Contract
Gas fee
The fee you pay the network to process a crypto transaction.
🌐 ES Comisión de gas · FR Frais de gas · IT Commissione gas · EL Χρέωση gas · PT Taxa de gás · RO Taxă de gas · DE Gas-Gebühr
NFT
A blockchain token that proves ownership of a unique digital item.
🌐 ES NFT · FR NFT · IT NFT · EL NFT · PT NFT · RO NFT · DE NFT
Crypto exchange
A website where you buy and sell crypto; it holds your coins unless you move them to your own wallet.
🌐 ES Exchange de criptomonedas · FR Plateforme d'échange crypto · IT Exchange di criptovalute · EL Ανταλλακτήριο κρυπτονομισμάτων · PT Corretora de criptomoedas (exchange) · RO Platformă de schimb cripto · DE Kryptobörse
Business & side income
Side hustle
Work you do outside your main job to earn extra money.
🌐 ES Trabajo extra (side hustle) · FR Activité complémentaire (side hustle) · IT Lavoretto extra (side hustle) · EL Παράπλευρη δουλειά (side hustle) · PT Renda extra (side hustle) · RO Venit suplimentar (side hustle) · DE Nebenverdienst (Side Hustle)
Active income
Money you earn by trading your time, like wages or freelance pay.
🌐 ES Ingreso activo · FR Revenu actif · IT Reddito attivo · EL Ενεργητικό εισόδημα · PT Renda ativa · RO Venit activ · DE Aktives Einkommen
Sole proprietorship
The simplest business: you and the business are legally the same, so you're personally liable.
🌐 ES Persona física con actividad empresarial · FR Entreprise individuelle · IT Ditta individuale · EL Ατομική επιχείρηση · PT Empresário individual · RO Întreprindere individuală (PFA) · DE Einzelunternehmen
LLC
A limited liability company: a legal wrapper that keeps business debts away from your personal money.
🌐 ES LLC · FR LLC (société à responsabilité limitée) · IT LLC (società a responsabilità limitata) · EL LLC (εταιρεία περιορισμένης ευθύνης) · PT LLC (sociedade limitada) · RO LLC (societate cu răspundere limitată) · DE LLC (Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung)
Revenue
All the money a business brings in, before any costs.
🌐 ES Ingresos (ventas) · FR Chiffre d'affaires · IT Ricavi (fatturato) · EL Έσοδα (τζίρος) · PT Receita (faturamento) · RO Venituri (cifră de afaceri) · DE Umsatz
Profit margin
Profit as a percentage of revenue; what's left of each dollar after costs.
🌐 ES Margen de ganancia · FR Marge bénéficiaire · IT Margine di profitto · EL Περιθώριο κέρδους · PT Margem de lucro · RO Marjă de profit · DE Gewinnmarge
Bookkeeping
Recording every dollar in and out so you know how the business is really doing.
🌐 ES Contabilidad básica · FR Tenue des comptes · IT Contabilità · EL Τήρηση βιβλίων · PT Escrituração (controle financeiro) · RO Evidență contabilă · DE Buchhaltung
Estimated taxes
Quarterly tax payments self-employed people make, since nobody withholds for them.
🌐 ES Pagos provisionales de impuestos · FR Acomptes d'impôt · IT Acconti d'imposta · EL Προκαταβολές φόρου · PT Imposto estimado trimestral · RO Plăți anticipate de impozit · DE Steuervorauszahlungen
Salary negotiation
Asking for more pay before accepting a job; a 10-minute conversation can be worth six figures over a career.
🌐 ES Negociación salarial · FR Négociation salariale · IT Negoziazione dello stipendio · EL Διαπραγμάτευση μισθού · PT Negociação salarial · RO Negocierea salariului · DE Gehaltsverhandlung
Money psychology
Lifestyle creep
Spending more as you earn more, so a raise never turns into savings.
🌐 ES Inflación del estilo de vida · FR Inflation du train de vie · IT Inflazione dello stile di vita · EL Πληθωρισμός τρόπου ζωής · PT Inflação do estilo de vida · RO Inflația stilului de viață · DE Lifestyle-Inflation
Loss aversion
Losing $100 feels about twice as bad as winning $100 feels good, which pushes people into bad decisions.
🌐 ES Aversión a la pérdida · FR Aversion à la perte · IT Avversione alla perdita · EL Αποστροφή απώλειας · PT Aversão à perda · RO Aversiune la pierdere · DE Verlustaversion
FOMO
Fear of missing out: buying because everyone else is, usually near the top.
🌐 ES FOMO · FR FOMO · IT FOMO · EL FOMO · PT FOMO · RO FOMO · DE FOMO
Panic selling
Dumping investments during a drop and locking in the loss, just before the recovery.
🌐 ES Venta por pánico · FR Vente panique · IT Vendita nel panico · EL Πώληση από πανικό · PT Venda por pânico · RO Vânzare de panică · DE Panikverkauf
Hedonic treadmill
New things make you happy for a while, then you adapt and want the next thing.
🌐 ES Rueda hedónica · FR Tapis roulant hédonique · IT Tapis roulant edonico · EL Ηδονικός διάδρομος · PT Esteira hedônica · RO Banda de alergat hedonică · DE Hedonistische Tretmühle
Anchoring
Letting the first number you see (a sticker price, a past high) steer what feels fair.
🌐 ES Anclaje · FR Ancrage · IT Ancoraggio · EL Αγκύρωση · PT Ancoragem · RO Ancorare · DE Ankereffekt
Mental accounting
Treating money differently by where it came from, like blowing a bonus you'd never take from savings.
🌐 ES Contabilidad mental · FR Comptabilité mentale · IT Contabilità mentale · EL Νοητική λογιστική · PT Contabilidade mental · RO Contabilitate mentală · DE Mentale Buchführung
Sunk cost
Money already spent that you can't get back; it shouldn't change what you do next, but it does.
🌐 ES Costo hundido · FR Coût irrécupérable · IT Costo sommerso · EL Μη ανακτήσιμο κόστος · PT Custo irrecuperável · RO Cost irecuperabil · DE Versunkene Kosten
Delayed gratification
Giving up a small reward now for a bigger one later; the core skill behind every money goal.
🌐 ES Gratificación aplazada · FR Gratification différée · IT Gratificazione differita · EL Αναβολή ικανοποίησης · PT Gratificação adiada · RO Amânarea recompensei · DE Belohnungsaufschub
Latte factor
The idea that small daily treats add up; true, but the big three (housing, cars, food) matter far more.
🌐 ES Factor latte · FR Facteur latte · IT Fattore latte · EL Ο παράγοντας latte · PT Fator latte · RO Factorul latte · DE Latte-Faktor
Scams & safety
Phishing
Fake emails, texts or calls that imitate a bank or company to steal your passwords or money.
🌐 ES Phishing · FR Hameçonnage (phishing) · IT Phishing · EL Phishing (ηλεκτρονικό ψάρεμα) · PT Phishing · RO Phishing · DE Phishing
Identity theft
Someone using your personal details to open accounts or borrow money in your name.
🌐 ES Robo de identidad · FR Usurpation d'identité · IT Furto d'identità · EL Κλοπή ταυτότητας · PT Roubo de identidade · RO Furt de identitate · DE Identitätsdiebstahl
Two-factor authentication (2FA)
A second check at login, like a code on your phone, so a stolen password alone isn't enough.
🌐 ES Autenticación de dos factores (2FA) · FR Authentification à deux facteurs (2FA) · IT Autenticazione a due fattori (2FA) · EL Επαλήθευση δύο παραγόντων (2FA) · PT Autenticação em dois fatores (2FA) · RO Autentificare în doi pași (2FA) · DE Zwei-Faktor-Authentifizierung (2FA)
Credit freeze
Locking your credit report so nobody can open new accounts in your name; free, and easy to lift.
🌐 ES Congelamiento de crédito · FR Gel du crédit · IT Blocco del credito · EL Πάγωμα πίστωσης · PT Bloqueio de crédito · RO Înghețarea creditului · DE Kreditsperre
Romance scam
A fake online relationship built over weeks to ask for money or 'investments'.
🌐 ES Estafa romántica · FR Arnaque sentimentale · IT Truffa sentimentale · EL Ρομαντική απάτη · PT Golpe do romance · RO Escrocherie romantică · DE Liebesbetrug (Romance Scam)
Pig butchering
A long con: a friendly stranger shows you fake crypto profits, then takes everything you 'invest'.
🌐 ES Estafa de 'engorde de cerdo' · FR Arnaque « engraissage du cochon » · IT Truffa dell'"ingrasso del maiale" · EL Απάτη «πάχυνσης χοίρου» · PT Golpe do 'abate do porco' · RO Escrocheria „îngrășarea porcului” · DE „Schweinemast“-Betrug
Imposter scam
A caller pretending to be the government, your bank or a relative in trouble, demanding money now.
🌐 ES Estafa de suplantación · FR Arnaque à l'usurpation · IT Truffa dell'impostore · EL Απάτη πλαστοπροσωπίας · PT Golpe do impostor · RO Escrocherie prin impostură · DE Betrug durch Vortäuschung
Ponzi scheme
A fake investment that pays old investors with new investors' money until it collapses.
🌐 ES Esquema Ponzi · FR Pyramide de Ponzi · IT Schema Ponzi · EL Σχήμα Ponzi · PT Esquema Ponzi · RO Schemă Ponzi · DE Ponzi-Schema
Pump and dump
Hyping a cheap stock or coin so the price jumps, then the promoters sell and it crashes.
🌐 ES Pump and dump (inflar y tirar) · FR Pump and dump (gonfler et larguer) · IT Pump and dump · EL Pump and dump (φούσκωμα και ξεφόρτωμα) · PT Pump and dump · RO Pump and dump · DE Pump and Dump
Quiz, XP and streaks in the app. No sign-up needed.
Social Security
The government retirement benefit paid monthly from the payroll tax you paid while working.
🌐 ES Seguro Social · FR Social Security · IT Social Security · EL Social Security · PT Social Security · RO Social Security · DE Social Security
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